Exploring the factors behind medication non-compliance among patient Dissertation

Exploring the factors behind medication non-compliance among patient with bi-polar disorder - Dissertation Example Role of Nurses: A Re-look of their Role in Bipolar Disorder Care 15 2.4. Role of Organisations in the Care of Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Welcome Development 18 Chapter 3 Findings and Discussion 19 3.0. Introduction 19 3.1. Findings and Discussion 20 3.1.1. Bipolar Disorder: An Old Disease with New Approach 20 3.1.2. The Nature of Holistic and Collaborative Treatment Approach (HCTA) for Bipolar Disorder 21 3.1.3. HCTA and Nurses’ Role 22 3.1.4. HCTA and Organisations Servicing Bipolar Patients 23 Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation 24 4.0. Conclusion 24 4.1. Recommendations 25 References 27 Appendix 1 30 Abstract Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is an ancient disease that is given new understanding and contemporary approaches to treatment. The interplay of psychosocial factors and physiological elements in the understanding and treatment of BD is crucial. In this context, treatment of BD ought to be approached from holistic and collaborative perspective. Considering t he significance of gaining further understanding of bipolar disorder, this research intends to conceptually clarify the concept of holistic and collaborative treatment approach of BD. Likewise, it seeks to determine the role of nurses in the holistic and collaborative treatment approach of BD. Finally, it aims to identify the role of organisations in the holistic and collaborative treatment approach of BD. ... In order to attain the aims of this research and address the questions of this study, a documentary analysis had been conducted. Some of the findings of the research are: 1) Bipolar disorder is an ancient disease that is given a new look. 2) Nurses hold a crucial and central role in the management and treatment of BD. 3) Organisations rendering service to bipolar patients are laudable institutions that need to spread across the globe to address BD. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0. Introduction Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is an ancient disease that is given new understanding and contemporary approaches to treatment (Thomas, 2004). Bipolar disorder is characterised by chronic and recurrent marked mood instability (Crowe et al, 2010). The episodes are normally intense, varying in degree with extreme highs and lows that are often intermingled, thus creating mixed states, a hybrid of symptoms, which in turn, makes it difficult for an easy categorisation of BD (Frank et al., 2000). Thus, de spite the new look of BD as a result of the identification of the various types of mania comprising the spectrum of BD (Akiskal, 2009), the easy categorisation and labelling of bipolar disorder is still a challenge (Crowe et al., 2010). Nonetheless, it is deemed essential that an appropriate characterization of the mania the patient is experiencing be provided in order to give the proper treatment that is required by the patient facing this illness (Akiskal 2002, 2009; Thomas, 2004). The need for ‘proper treatment’ for bipolar disorder is crucial because BD is now ranked fourth in the global burden of disease as a leading of cause of disability (WHO 2010). An important development in the treatment of BD is the

EFFECTIVENESS ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Essay Example for Free

EFFECTIVENESS ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Essay This survey will be kept entirely confidential and is designed to solicit honest and candid feedback that will be used as a baseline for further and on-going work that will be done to improve overall organisational climate. Dear Sir/Madam, Thank you for taking part in this study. I am a MBA student in conducting analysis study on Training and Development in this organization. The basic purpose of this study is to identify effectiveness of the training and development imparted by you and its results in the performance of the employees. Kindly take some of your valuable time to fill out the questionnaire. Thank you for your valuable time. PERSONAL DETAILS Name : Gender: Q1) Does your company organises a training and development programme? Yes No Q2) Does your organisation identify the training needs for employees? Yes No Q3) How often training programmes organised in your company? Quarterly Half yearly Annually Every 2 years Q4) How well do you participate in various training programmes being conducted in organisation? Highly Fairly well Not always Q5) Training programmes help to improve the performance of employees and productivity of organization? Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Q6) Do you agree that your company have well designed training policy? Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Q7) Training programmes helps to increase your motivation? Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Q8) Training programmes improved your confidence towards work? Yes No Q9) Do you think training programmes are helpful to you in gaining new idea? Yes No Q10) Who in your opinion should give training? Expert from outside Internal faculty Personal department Supervisors Q11) Training helps to reduce stress at work? Yes No Q12) Is there any emphasis given on development of leadership skills through training programmes? Yes always Sometimes Not always Q13) Does the training programmes help you in good decision making at your jobs? Yes No Q14) In your opinion which method of training is useful for your organisation? On the job training Off the job training Q15) How did the training programmes benefit you during your service? Appreciation from superiors Improvement in work Quality enhancement Improvement in attitude Q16) Are you always motivated and looking forward for new training programmes after each programme? Yes always Sometimes Not always Q17) On the whole how will you rate the training programme being conducted in your organisation? Very good Good Satisfactory Poor Very poor Q18) Does the present system of training need any modification? If yes what are the suggestions to make future training programmes more effective?

Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature Essay -- Conrad

Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s innovative literature is influenced by his experiences in traveling to foreign countries around the world. Conrad’s literature consists of the various styles of techniques he uses to display his well-recognized work as British literature. "His prose style, varying from eloquently sensuous to bare and astringent, keeps the reader in constant touch with a mature, truth-seeking, creative mind" (Hutchinson 1). Conrad’s novels are basically based on having both a psychological and sociological plot within them. This is why Conrad’s work carries its own uniqueness from other novels when being compared to his.    Examples of Conrad’s literature include novels such as Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, and The Secret Agent. Heart of Darkness is basically based on his own experiences, but Conrad also adds fiction into this particular novel (Dintenfass 1). It has been said that Conrad’s style of writing is described as "...life as we actually live it...[is] to be blurred and messy and confusing-- and the abstract ideas...[of] actual experiences can sometimes produce in us, or in that part of us, anyway, which tries to understand the world in some rational way." Acquiring this from the novel gives the reader a psychological perspective in that they are receiving feedback in a conscious way such as a hallucination or a phantasm (Dintenfass 2). Readers have curiously questioned the purpose of his novels such as Heart of Darkness, but the answer is quite simple. "[The] purpose is to get the reader to re-live [any] experience in some [significant] and concrete way, with all its complexity and messiness, all its darkness and ambiguity, intact" (Dintenfass 3). An addi... ...n, eds. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 1 Detroit: Hale Research Co., 1978. Dintenfass, Mark. "Heart of Darkness: A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture." 14 Mar. 1996. *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2 Feb. 2000). Draper, James P., ed. World Literature Criticism: 1500 to the Present. Vol. 2 Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1992. Hamblin, Stephen. "Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent." *http://www.ductape.net/~steveh/secretagent/* (2 Feb. 2000). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. 1999. 2 Feb. 1999. *http://ukdb.web.aol.com/hutchinson/encyclopedia/72/M0013572.htm Magill, Frank N., ed. 1,300 Critical Evaluations of Selected Novels and Plays. Vol. 2 Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press Inc., 1976. Stein, Rita, and Martin Tucker, eds. Modern British Literature. Vol. 4 New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1975.

How Act 2, Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet May Have Been Staged Essay

Open in London in 1599, William Shakespeare’s Globe theatre grew to be recognized as the most popular playhouse in the region and home to some of the greatest players in England. The King’s Men, previously the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, were a playing company for whom Shakespeare was a member of for most of his career. They frequently performed in the Globe and staged many of Shakespeare’s works. Nevertheless, the lack of stagecraft information provided from these XVI century texts has made it hard to interpret how Shakespeare originally intended his plays to be performed in the Globe. In particular, the famous tragedy of Romeo and Juliet suggests that there are many alternative staging options for each scene. However, from a close reading of the play-text as a manual for performance, it is possible to describe how the play may have been staged, specifically in Act 2, Scene 1, by analysing elements such as the acting measures, the costume d esign and the stage setting. To commence, in the Elizabethan and Jacobean period, there were many important rules in regards to acting that players had to consider when performing in the Globe theatre. When Shakespeare wrote his plays, he included as many female characters as he did male characters. Nonetheless, the traditions and values of the Renaissance did not allow women to act or become actors, due to the fact that it was considered immoral for a woman to be on stage. At the time, they had no social status other than their association with their husbands or fathers. Moreover, actors were considered to have a low social status, thus it was considered improper and socially unacceptable for a woman to become a performer. Instead of editing all of Shakespeare’s texts to adher... ...e theatre’s unique structure. Works Cited Adams Novak, Elaine. Staging Shakespearean Theatre. Cincinnati: Betterway Books, 2000. Print. Hodges, C. Walters. The Globe Restored: A Study of the Elizabethan Theatre. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Print. Leed, Drea. â€Å"Elizabethan Make-up.† Elizabethan Costuming Page. 2010. Web. 10 December 2013. Smith, Irwin. Shakespeare’s Globe Playhouse. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1956. Print. Staging Shakespeare. Seminars on Production Problems. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1990. Print. The Arden Shakespeare. Shakespeare’s Theatres and the Effects of Performance. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2013. Print. The Oxford Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000. Print. The Signet Classic Shakespeare. Hamlet. New York: New American Library, 1998. Print.

Characteristics of nutrients and their benefits to the body Essay

In order to obtain good health everyone must consume a balanced diet. To do this we must eat recommended amounts of food from the five food groups which are, fruit and vegetables, meat, fish & alternatives, bread, cereals & potatoes, milk & dairy and foods which contain fats and sugar. These five food groups contain the seven components of a balanced diet they are, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, there are 22 different types of amino acid and the body needs all of them to function properly. There are many forms of protein, which all play an important role in the function of the body. For example, collagen is a protein and is vital for the strength, elasticity and composition of hair and skin. If not consuming enough carbohydrates, the body will look for other sources of energy, such as proteins found in muscle tissue. Proteins, however, are not efficient sources of energy for the body. Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue, and can also serve as a fuel source. Carbohydrates are one of the main types of food. The liver breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which the body uses for sugar. Carbohydrates also protect muscles and help regulate the amount of sugar circulating in the blood so that all the cells get the energy they need. Sugars and starch are the main types of carbohydrates; these carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Lipids in the body store energy and are serving as components of hormones and vitamins. Vitamins are an essential nutrient which the body cannot produce enough of on its own, so it has to get it from food. Minerals help your body grow, develop, and stay healthy. The body uses minerals to perform many different functions such as building strong bones to transmitting nerve impulses. Fibre can’t be digested so it helps clean out the intestines by moving bowel movements along. Water has many functions in the human body. Some of its actions include its use as a solvent, as a lubricant, as a conduction system for moving unnecessary waste, and as a mode of temperature regulation. Macronutrients are also essential for good health; they break down carbohydrates and fats, which provide energy to the body and they assist in the absorption of protein, which provides the building blocks necessary for cell growth and repair. Micronutrients depend on vitamins and minerals to regulate the release of energy from food because they don’t provide energy.

Adolescent Risk Substance and Addiction

Adolescent Risk Substance and Addiction Introduction According to Stanis and Andersen (2014), substance use among adolescents occurs when one consumes drugs or alcohol. Substance use may not always cause addiction, but it might cause habituation when used repeatedly. The continued use of drugs and alcohol leads to substance abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adolescent Risk: Substance and Addiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problems associated with this vice affect personal life, education, health, and safety. When adolescents are addicted, they continue using drugs even when they are aware of the consequences. After addiction, it becomes hard for the adolescents to stop taking drugs. Instead, they become tolerant to the drugs. Since the dependency on drugs is the key indicator for addiction, many adolescents have become addicts due to many factors. This paper will show that during adolescence, the probability of drug usage and depe ndency is high. In addition, this life period is crucial as structural and functional developments occur in the body, and thus individuals are highly vulnerable to acquiring a substance use disorder. Therefore, it is necessary for parents to ensure that they keep close supervision of their children to prevent possible initiation to drugs and alcohol. In addition, early adolescence is the best moment when caregivers and child psychiatrists can initiate drug use and abuse prevention programs. Factors that lead to substance use and addiction Many factors lead to substance use and addiction among teens in the United States including sociocultural, psychodynamic, and biological elements. Various sociocultural factors influence drug and alcohol use amongst adolescents. These factors entail societal and cultural issues that influence substance use and addiction. Stern and Morr (2013) indicate that films that are produced and watched in the United States can affect the adolescents’ p erceptions toward substance use and initiation.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Watching films depicting youths smoking and drinking alcohol may create the attitude that drugs are necessary to increase efficacy if the character is presented as a hero. In addition, drinking and smoking characters in movies are represented as personalities who enjoy the high-class status, and this lifestyle appeases teenagers. The mass media has also provided much information about substance use, thus leaving the adolescent with curiosity and urge to try drugs and alcohol. Peer pressure is a significant cause of substance use and in the process of conforming, one ends up being addicted. Living among friends who drink alcohol or do drugs increases the probability that a teenager will be compelled to ape the peers. Unfortunately, in the United States, a large number in the society ofte n views drunkenness as humorous and trendy. Most teens end up enjoying getting high simply because they attract attention due to the silly things they do when inebriated. Other teens use drugs and alcohol to escape the societal pressures According to Pape (2012), adolescents always like living among friends who appreciate what they do and they are encouraged to continue with their habits when their friends join them. Psychodynamic factors entail emotional issues, past events, as well as psychological disorders. A teenager, who went through a challenging childhood, may feel inferior and scared in life (Clinton, Clark Straub, 2010). Consequently, they start drug and alcohol use to deal with their situations. Psychodynamic factors often occur subconsciously. Teens in this situation do not recognize that they are consuming drugs and alcohol in a bid to erase their past issues. However, teens unknowingly end up developing drug dependency whenever they face situations that remind them of their past.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Adolescent Risk: Substance and Addiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Continued dependency automatically causes addiction and teens start to feel inadequate when not using drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, mental disorders can play a role in substance use and addiction. Adolescents who suffer from mental disorders find solace in substance use as a way of self-intervention. They end up being addicted because they feel relieved whenever they use drugs to help them deal with their psychological disorders (Schmidt, Lee Beecham, 2007). Biological factors entail heritable genetic risks that may lead to a certain disorder. The presence of a substance use disorder in one or both parents has predominantly been indicated to be a key risk aspect amongst adolescents. Some people have unique physiology and genetic traits that trigger substance use and find enjoyment, hence it becomes hard to resist drugs and alcohol. Thus, these teens are at a high risk of developing drug dependency due to their genetic vulnerability (Dennis, White Ives, 2009). However, this aspect should not be used as an excuse to abuse drugs and alcohol because some intervention measures can be applied to minimize the risks. Legal and ethical issues influencing substance use Even though substance use at early age is prohibited in the United States, adolescents gravitate towards drug and alcohol use and end up being addicted by an array of drugs and alcohol (Stern Morr, 2013). Most Americans attach some essence to being left to make own decisions. The notion of individuality has permeated almost all areas of the Americans’ private lives and parents end up letting children make uninformed decisions in the precept of developing independence.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People believe that the United States provides a legal structure, which limits the government and others from exercising control on one’s private life. The principle of independence is transcribed in the Constitution and the legal systems have retaliated the need to let the Americans make own decisions regarding issues that influence their private lives. However, the situation is relatively different for adolescents since they lack the capacity to make some decisions and the society does not allow them to make decisions such as indulging in substance use. Even though the law on the usage of drugs and alcohol restricts adolescents below the age of 18 years, they indulge in this malpractice regardless of its legal and ethical repercussions. In addition, even when the law prohibits substance use among teens, it lacks proper procedures towards preventing this malpractice. Some ethical issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and children rights pose significant challenge s when dealing with this issue (Kong, Singh, Camenga, Cavallo Krishnan-Sarin, 2013). Despite the various consequences related to substance use and addiction, drug and alcohol use continues to be a problematic practice to a large number of American teenagers. The ethical decision-making approaches are a stabling block when identifying a swift way to address substance use among teenagers. For instance, the issue of informed consent serves to meet the moral duty of respect for the addicted adolescents. By issuing the teenagers with the options of choosing to engage in counseling program or not, it gives them the courage to advance with their behaviors. Despite the teenagers’ functional and cognitive capacity, they should not be allowed to feel protected by the law, since the impulsivity of the substance might compel them to underrate the risks that they engage in (Kuehn, 2007). In addition, teens develop a misconception that they are doing free to do what they want provided the y do not harm others. Individual Characteristics of adolescent substance abusers In many cases, individual characteristics of teenagers who use drugs and alcohol at times resemble typical teenager behavior. This aspect makes it hard to determine whether a teen is using drugs or going through the usual adolescence experience. In the US, a high percentage of substance users among the adolescents are boys. The non-white populations are said to be more affected as compared to their white counterparts. According to Dennis et al. (2009), the African American teens who report to have been using drugs and alcohol also confess to having experienced early negative childhood experiences such as abuse or neglect. Familial issues relating to living standards are the main reasons why substance use is prevalent among the non-white adolescents. Personal appearance is a key indicator that a teen may have been using drugs. Messy outlook demonstrates a lack of concern for one’s appearance. Afte r continued use of drugs and alcohol, adolescents find little essence about their hygiene and they do not mind if their current situation affects others. Eyes appear reddish due to alcohol consumption and lips look soot like. Adolescents who indulge in substance use develop personal habits that include frequent night-outs, increased need for privacy, and avoiding eye contact with parents and teachers. Adolescents also develop an increased craving for money, and thus they might end up stealing from family and friends because drugs are expensive. Drug usage may also result in a sudden lack of appetite or generate sudden appetite upon use. Adolescents often engage in fast and multiple intoxications because most drugs are short acting, but with a rampant onset. This scenario is mostly witnessed among teenagers who do not like delayed gratification or have generated the perception that they are efficient when intoxicated (Dunn, 2014). Among the teens that are attending schools, when they initiate substance abuse, they develop poor school attendance and end up dropping out of school or they are suspended due to undesirable behaviors. Delinquency is another common trait among adolescent substance abusers. In most cases, teens who use drugs engage in theft and burglary activities to obtain money to buy drugs. In addition, the users become increasingly disruptive, vulgar, and aberrant due to the rapid influence of the drugs. Mental disorders and emotional problems are common characteristics among teenagers that use drugs and alcohol. Even though mental disorders may not develop during early adolescence, with continued abuse, the user becomes highly susceptible to various mental disorders. Anxiety, depression, and anger start to impair the individuals’ judgment, hence a significant drop in academic performance (Ruiz, Strain, Langrod, 2007). Family problems affecting adolescents The family, as a socializing institution, is a major protective agent for the adolesc ents. When the family is dysfunctional, it is potentially a risk factor to the development of adolescents. Risk factors related to the family can take various forms, which include problems associated with family dynamics and functioning, family characteristics, and environment where families reside (Barnett et al., 2014). When present, family problems influence certain teenagers more adversely than others to engage in habits that can be detrimental. Risk factors associated with family dynamics and functioning are highly linked to rebellious behavior among teens. For instance, inappropriate parental practices like lack of close supervision, unnecessary permissiveness, inadequate or exceedingly strict discipline, and poor communication pose huge problems for the adolescents. This aspect leads to substance use, poor performance in school, and voluntary association in delinquency groups such as teen gangs. Close supervision is the major variable that predetermines other traits of family functioning. The parents should learn how to identify if their children are using drugs and alcohol. Good communication is necessary to convince the teenager to avoid any form of substance abuse. Mistreatments during early childhood development and family conflicts cause substantial physical and psychological damage to the adolescents. Witnessing violence in the family creates a lasting risk impression that may lead to aggressiveness and anger among teenagers. Mistreatment has been linked with several delinquency behaviors such as dropping out of school, teen pregnancy, and substance use. Family criminality and particularly that of the father, is a clear predictor of inappropriate behavior in boys. Adolescents find it hard to live with this reality, and thus they start using drugs and alcohol to forget about things that negatively affect their wellbeing (Nakhaee Jadidi, 2009). In a case where parents use drugs and alcohol, there is a high probability that children will be tempted to initiate and unfortunately they end being addicts. Problems related to family characteristics include the implications of single parenthood. Single parenting is viewed as a problem because the family structure is highly vulnerable to various factors that lead to youth delinquency. For instance, single parents are relatively reluctant when it comes to supervising their children and they may lack adequate time to create rapport with the child, lack finances, and poor lifestyles. This situation can lead to a stressful life, thus encouraging teens to gravitate towards substance use. Similarly, residing within poor neighborhood increases the chances of engaging in drug and alcohol use because most of these illicit drugs are readily available in such localities. Drug dealing supports livelihood for most youths who live in the ghettos. The social context within poor areas exacerbate ineffective parental activities, thus adolescents living in a poor setting and being brought up in a regi on where parental closeness is lacking develop the problem of substance use (Ruiz et al., 2007). School issues that impact youths at risk According to Stern and Morr (2013), a study conducted in 2009 suggests that 41.8% of high school teenager confessed to taking alcohol within 30 days prior to the survey. The study also indicates that the commonly abused substance is marijuana. Stern and Morr (2013) show that currently in the US, drug and alcohol abuse is the main cause of death for teens between ages 15-24. Despite having this knowledge at their disposal, teens continue to use drugs and alcohol. Therefore, why do high school students continue to use drugs and alcohol despite the inevitable dangers? Every aspect of the students’ lives influences their capacity to learn and prevail in school. However, various school-related circumstances place students at a risk of using drugs and alcohol. School-related factors include inappropriate discipline system, poor or inadequate coun seling, poor communication, failure to incorporate student-learning preferences, and mismatch between home and school culture (Clinton, Clark, Straub, 2010). These circumstances may lead to dropping out of school and teen pregnancy because in most cases students initiate drugs after they feel defeated by the aforementioned conditions. For a long time, the predictors of dropping out of school seem to be consistent. Potential dropouts share various aspects such as poor academic performance, they are more likely to be part of the low earning families, and they demonstrate psychological challenges. If the schools lack an effective discipline system, students will not feel the obligation to stay free from drug use. Instead, they will initiate it because nobody seems to be against it or it is a presumably cool habit. In addition, if school systems ignore student-learning styles, learners will feel the pressure from the teachers to conform to a system that they rarely understand, and thus end up using drugs to avoid study-related stress. Other teens believe that alcohol and drugs are best substitutes for educational success or self-actualization. School culture versus home culture is another key determinant of the students’ initiation into substance use. If the school culture is overly strict as opposed to the home culture, which might be somehow relaxed, the students finds it hard to adjust whenever in school (Nakhaee Jadidi, 2009). When the schools fail to initiate proper communication to create room for successful adjustment, students start using drugs and alcohol to boost their low self-esteem. Therefore, it is essential to involve parents when formulating policies that govern the students’ behavior while in school to ensure that there is no collision of values and principles. Early initiation of drugs and alcohol raises the risk of early onset of sexual activities among school teens. This aspect results in unwanted teen pregnancies, which compel young girls to drop out of school, in most cases. If schools formulate good policies that consider the students’ needs, then it can prove possible for schools to be free of students who use drugs and alcohol (Stern Morr, 2013). Prevention, intervention, and treatment Considering that substance use is avoidable, it is intriguing that it persists and plays a significant role as a key cause of death among youth every year in the United States. The prevention of the initiation of drugs and alcohol is a key way to avoid drug dependency. As shown by Stanis and Andersen (2014), the initiation of substance use can be cut by 1.5 million adolescents if effective prevention measures are adopted. The main role of these developmental-based prevention programs should focus at either inhibiting the use or postponing the age of initiation. This research emphasizes that childhood, psychological deregulations initiated by stress, irritability, and other cognitive dysfunctions may result in su bstance use among teenagers. These findings offer significant implications when formulating a model of prevention and intervention to be used during early development and adolescence. Considering that the United States has staged various campaigns towards eradicating substance use among adolescents and the behavior persists, it has become necessary to start by targeting children who demonstrate symptoms of psychological dysfunction. The detection and treatment of early indicators of stress and other related substance-initiating factors should be done early enough by the parent, caregiver, or child psychiatrist to limit the chances of the child from indulging in substance use. In addition, the education programs for both adolescents and their parents should be facilitated to increase awareness about the consequences of substance use and abuse for the adolescent and the entire society (Ruiz et al., 2007). From a social perspective, engaging in social activities such as sports competit ions, religious duties, and volunteer programs reduces the possibilities of a teenage from engaging in drug and alcohol abuse. On the other hand, adolescents who avoid these activities are more likely to indulge in substance use. However, since adolescents comprise individuals at a high risk of substance use, the appropriate programs should be targeted to initiate the much-needed change. Indicated prevention approaches target teenagers, who demonstrate signs of behavioral challenges or exposed to substance use disorders due to biological aspects. For instance, in Massachusetts, treatment is done through the Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral, and Treatment model (Stanis Andersen, 2014). Treating adolescents suffering from substance use disorders results in a huge toll on the United States’ financial, medical, and labor resources. Adolescent psychiatrists often face cases of substance abuse in the course of duty. The medical assessment may include a laboratory examinatio n of urine or blood screening. The extent of the teenagers’ substance abuse gives the direction in which the treatment should follow. For example, a teenager who drinks daily will need detoxification whilst undergoing rehabilitation. This aspect means that if the situation is severe, the treatment should first emphasize on alleviating or substantially minimizing the substance consumption. If the psychiatrist establishes that the substance use is propelled by other disorders and that dealing with the initial causes may result in the reduction of substance use, the planned treatment model may not consider the substance dependency issue. As the treatment goes on, the psychiatrist should be ready to deal with the possibility that s/he might have judged the condition incorrectly. Conclusion Adolescents remain the most vulnerable group upon which substance use is initiated and addiction thrives with continued use. Since substance abuse has been shown to be avoidable, it is unthinka ble to incur the huge costs to treat the disorders associated with the practice when there is an opportunity to tame the situation before it develops. Given that the family has been identified as the integral part in the teens’ development, it is necessary to involve parents in the campaign to eradicate substance use among adolescents. In a bid to prevent harmful student characteristics related to substance use, strict school policies that address basic principles, values, and perceptions may be useful in drug prevention. References Barnett, N., Miles, R., Loxley, M., Linkletter, M., Clark, C., Melissa, A. (2014). Peer associations for substance use and exercise in a college student social network. Health Psychology, 33(10), 1134-1142. Clinton, E., Clark, C., Straub, J. (2010). The quick-reference guide to counseling teenagers. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Dennis, L., White, M., Ives, M. (2009). Individual characteristics and needs associated with substance misuse of ado lescents and young adults in addiction treatment. In C. Leukefeld, T. Gullotta M. Tindall (Eds.), Handbook on Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment: Evidence-Based Practice (pp.45-72). New London: Child and Family Agency Press. Dunn, M. (2014). Association between physical activity and Substance use behaviors among high school students participating in the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 675-685. Kong, G., Singh, N., Camenga, D., Cavallo, D., Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2013). Menthol Cigarette and Marijuana Use among Adolescents. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2094-2099. Kuehn, B. (2007). Many Teens Abusing Medications. Journal of the American Medical Association, 21(28), 16-17. Nakhaee, N., Jadidi, N. (2009). Why Do Some Teens Turn to Drugs? A Focus Group Study of Drug Users Experiences. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 20, 203–208. Pape, Y. (2012). People’s overestimation of peer substance use: an exaggerated phenomenon? A ddiction, 107, 885-891. Ruiz, P., Strain, C., Langrod, J. (2007). The substance abuse handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Schmidt, U., Lee, S., Beecham, J. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 591-598. Stanis, J., Andersen, S. L. (2014). Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention. Psychopharmacology, 231, 1437–1453. Stern, S., Morr, L. (2013). Portrayals of Teen Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use in Recent Popular Movies. Journal of Health Communication, 18, 179–191.

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem “Kubla Khan”

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† Samuel Taylor Coleridge said that he wrote â€Å"Kubla Khan† in the fall of 1797, but it was not published until he read it to George Gordon, Lord Byron in 1816, when Byron insisted that it go into print immediately. It is a powerful, legendary and mysterious poem, composed during an opium dream, admittedly a fragment. In the prefatory note published with the poem, Coleridge claimed he wrote several hundred lines during his reverie, but was not able to finish writing out the poem when he woke because his frenzied writing was interrupted: The following fragment is here published at the request of a poet of great and deserved celebrity [Lord Byron], and, as far as the Author’s own opinions are concerned, rather as a psychological curiosity, than on the ground of any supposed poetic merits.In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of a slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in Purchas’s Pilgrimage : â€Å"Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall.† The Author continued for about three hours in a profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confiden ce, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things, with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort. On awakening he appeared to himself to have a distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. At this moment he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock, and detained by him above an hour, and on his return to his room, found, to his no small surprise and mortification, that though he still retained some vague and dim recollection of the general purport of the vision, yet, with the exception of some eight or ten scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast, but, alas! without the after restoration of t he latter!Then all the charmIs brokenall that phantom-world so fairVanishes, and a thousand circlets spread,And each mis-shape the other. Stay awile,Poor youth! who scarcely dar’st lift up thine eyesThe stream will soon renew its smoothness, soonThe visions will return! And lo, he stays,And soon the fragments dim of lovely formsCome trembling back, unite, and now once moreThe pool becomes a mirror.Yet from the still surviving recollections in his mind, the Author has frequently purposed to finish for himself what had been originally, as it were, given to him: but the to-morrow is yet to come. â€Å"Kubla Khan† is famously incomplete, and thus cannot be said to be a strictly formal poem- yet its use of rhythm and the echoes of end-rhymes is masterful, and these poetic devices have a great deal to do with its powerful hold on the reader’s imagination. Its meter is a chanting series of iambs, sometimes tetrameter (four feet in a line, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and sometimes pentameter (five feet, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM). Line-ending rhymes are everywhere, not in a simple pattern, but interlocking in a way that builds to the poem’s climax (and makes it great fun to read out loud). The rhyme scheme may be summarized as follows: A B A A B C C D B D BE F E E F G G H H I I J J K A A K L LM N M N O OP Q R R Q B S B S T O T T T O U U O (Each line in this scheme represents one stanza. Please note that I have not followed the usual custom of beginning each new stanza with â€Å"A† for the rhyme-sound, because I want to make visible how Coleridge circled around to use earlier rhymes in some of the later stanzas for instance, the â€Å"A†s in the second stanza, and the â€Å"B†s in the fourth stanza.) â€Å"Kubla Khan† is a poem clearly meant to be spoken. So many early readers and critics found it literally incomprehensible that it became a commonly accepted idea that this poem is â€Å"composed of sound rather than sense.† Its sound is beautiful- as will be evident to anyone who reads it aloud. The poem is certainly not devoid of meaning, however. It begins as a dream stimulated by Coleridge’s reading of Samuel Purchas’ 17th century travel book, Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered, from the Creation unto the Present (London, 1617). The first stanza describes the summer palace built by Kublai Khan, the grandson of the Mongol warrior Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty of Chinese emperors in the 13th century, at Xanadu (or Shangdu): In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decree Xanadu, north of Beijing in inner Mongolia, was visited by Marco Polo in 1275 and after his account of his travels to the court of Kubla Khan, the word â€Å"Xanadu† became synonymous with foreign opulence and splendor. Compounding the mythical quality of the place Coleridge is describing, the poem’s next lines name Xanadu as the place Where Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to man This is likely a reference to the description of the River Alpheus in Description of Greece by the 2nd century geographer Pausanias (Thomas Taylor’s 1794 translation was in Coleridge’s library). According to Pausanias, the river rises up to the surface, then descends into the earth again and comes up elsewhere in fountains- clearly the source of the images in the second stanza of the poem: And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,A mighty fountain momently was forced:Amid whose swift half-intermitted burstHuge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail:And ’mid these dancing rocks at once and everIt flung up momently the sacred river. But where the lines of the first stanza are measured and tranquil (in both sound and sense), this second stanza is agitated and extreme, like the movement of the rocks and the sacred river, marked with the urgency of exclamation points both at the beginning of the stanza and at its end: And ’mid this tumult Kubla heard from farAncestral voices prophesying war! The fantastical description becomes even more so in the third stanza: It was a miracle of rare device,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice! And then the fourth stanza makes a sudden turn, introducing the narrator’s â€Å"I† and turning from the description of the palace at Xanadu to something else the narrator has seen: A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I saw:It was an Abyssinian maid,And on her dulcimer she played,Singing of Mount Abora. Some critics have suggested that Mount Abora is Coleridge’s name for Mount Amara, the mountain described by John Milton in Paradise Lost at the source of the Nile in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) an African paradise of nature here set next to Kubla Khan’s created paradise at Xanadu. To this point â€Å"Kubla Khan† is all magnificent description and allusion, but as soon the poet actually manifests himself in the poem in the word â€Å"I† in the last stanza, he quickly turns from describing the objects in his vision to describing his own poetic endeavor: Could I revive within meHer symphony and song,To such a deep delight ’twould win me,That with music loud and long,I would build that dome in air,That sunny dome! those caves of ice! This must be the place where Coleridge’s writing was interrupted; when he returned to write these lines, the poem turned out to be about itself, about the impossibility of embodying his fantastical vision. The poem becomes the pleasure-dome, the poet is identified with Kubla Khan- both are creators of Xanadu, and Coleridge is apeaking of both poet and khan in the poem’s last lines: And all should cry, Beware! Beware!His flashing eyes, his floating hair!Weave a circle round him thrice,And close your eyes with holy dread,For he on honey-dew hath fed,And drunk the milk of Paradise. The PoemNotes on ContextNotes on FormNotes on ContentCommentary and Quotations â€Å"...what he calls a vision, Kubla Khanwhich said vision he repeats so enchantingly that it irradiates and brings heaven and Elysian bowers into my parlour.†from an 1816 letter to William Wordsworth, in The Letters of Charles Lamb (Macmillan, 1888) Samuel Taylor Coleridge writing this poem â€Å"The first dream added a palace to reality; the second, which occurred five centuries later, a poem (or the beginning of a poem) suggested by the palace. The similarity of the dreams hints of a plan.... In 1691 Father Gerbillon of the Society of Jesus confirmed that ruins were all that was left of the palace of Kubla Khan; we know that scarcely fifty lines of the poem were salvaged. These facts give rise to the conjecture that this series of dreams and labors has not yet ended. The first dreamer was given the vision of the palace, and he built it; the second, who did not know of the other’s dream, was given the poem about the palace. If the plan does not fail, some reader of ‘Kubla Khan’ will dream, on a night centuries removed from us, of marble or of music. This man will not know that two others also dreamed. Perhaps the series of dreams has no end, or perhaps the last one who dreams will have the key....†from â€Å"The Dream of Coleridge† in Other Inquisitions, 1937-1952 by Jorge Luis Borges, translated by Ruth Simms (University of Texas Press, 1964, reprint forthcoming November 2007)

qreew essays

qreew essays The composer of some of the most influential pieces of music ever written, Ludwig van Beethoven created a bridge between the 18th-century classical period and the new beginnings of Romanticism. His greatest breakthroughs in composition came in his instrumental work, including his symphonies. Unlike his predecessor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for whom writing music seemed to come easily, Beethoven always struggled to Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, and was baptized on Dec. 17, 1770. (There is no record of his birth date.) His father and grandfather worked as court musicians in Bonn. Ludwig's father, a singer, gave him his early musical training. Although he had only meager academic schooling, he studied piano, violin, and French horn, and before he was 12 years old he became a court organist. Ludwig's first important teacher of composition was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 he studied briefly with Mozart, and five years later he left Bonn permanently and went to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn and later with Beethoven's first public appearance in Vienna was on March 29, 1795, as a soloist in one of his piano concerti. Even before he left Bonn, he had developed a reputation for fine improvisatory performances. In Vienna young Beethoven soon had a long list of aristocratic patrons who loved music and were eager to help him. In the late 1700s Beethoven began to suffer from early symptoms of deafness. The cause of his disability is still uncertain. By 1802 Beethoven was convinced that the condition not only was permanent, but was getting progressively worse. He spent that summer in the country and wrote what has become known as the "Heiligenstadt Testament." In the document, apparently intended for his two broth ...

Can terror ever be legitimately employed in conflict Discuss with Essay

Can terror ever be legitimately employed in conflict Discuss with reference to examples - Essay Example During World War II, both the Allies and the Axis used terror as a weapon of winning the war. Different debates have questioned the legitimacy of using terror as a weapon for ending conflicts. Terrorism is viewed to bring negative effects to a nation; this is because in attaining its main objective, the central target is the civilians (Herman 2008, p. 13). Although it brings negative impacts to a nation, sometimes use of terror benefits the nation. For instance, it can assist in the acquisition of freedom. This was the case in South Africa during the time of Apartheid. Apartheid was abolished through the use of terror. Although war is thought to be associated with vast negative effects, sometimes violence can bring positive results to a group or a nation. In this paper, I will discuss whether terror can be legitimately employed in conflicts. According to different researchers, legitimating of terror is justifiable in some cases. In extreme cases, where democratic and peaceful methods have been exhausted, it is justified and legitimate to resort to terror. In situations of suffering and repression, with a ruthless, oppressive state and no possibility of having international relief, it is necessary to resort to violence in order to defend the citizens. A state engaging and using terror in order to fight and rescue its citizens uses terror in a legitimate and justified manner (Coady 2010, p. 21). It is the function of a state to protect its people without fear; hence, if the use of terror remains the only option for the state to use in order to fight for its people, it would be interpreted as necessary and justifiable. Each person or minority group has a right in expressing discontentment in a certain issue of concern. The state has the role of representing its people and should make facilitation of this possibility. In addition, it is

Marketing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing case - Essay Example that expands patronage and appeal from sports enthusiast all over the world; (2) employing players from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds that represents the universal appeal and representation from different countries (there are currently 64 players from 34 different countries outside the USA who plays in the NBA); (3) bringing the game to other countries through pre-season games (Europe, Asia, Latin America) and building modern arenas to expand and promote the global appeal of the NBA; and (4) expanding visibility of the NBA through rock concerts, tours, records, and designing an online website that could be viewed and accessed by viewers worldwide. Promoting basketball as a universal game has been an evident capability of the NBA as the organization was able to attract awareness and patronage from different kinds of people from diverse cultures and races. Promoting the game to a wider audience entails talent, skills, and abilities of the organizers and of management; as well as the players involved to make the organizational universally appealing. Employing players from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds is another capability that has been exhibited by the NBA through effectively sources players from other countries with the right qualities and skills (height, enthusiasm for the game, and skills in playing). As the case facts revealed, talented players like â€Å"China. Yoo Ming, the seven foot five inch center piece of the Houston Rockets, has a personality that appeals to fans around the world. Others include the Dallas Mavericks, Dirk Nowitzki,and seven footer from Germany, Pau Gasol of the Memphis Grizzlies, a native of Spain and also seven feet tall San Antonio Spurs guard Tony Parker from France,Denver Nuggetsa forward Nene Hillario from Brazil, Orlado Magic guard Gordon Giricek from Croatia, and the newest import, Darko Milicic a seven foot teen ager from Serbia, now playing for the Detroit Pistons† (Case Facts, par. 2). Expanding

THE SUCCESS COMMERCIALISATION OF FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Essay

THE SUCCESS COMMERCIALISATION OF FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - Essay Example Franklin Institute appeals mostly to people who have the passion for arts and this is perhaps the reason for her success story in commercializing itself and making her a most sought-for institute. This research aims to study what might have made Franklin Institute successful. It would not simply be a research about a school has come about but more so, it is done in order to establish a better comprehension about how one might succeed in similar or other endeavors as well. As global commercialization is placed at the forefront, it is important to know the aspects that make an institute successful. In line with Franklin Institute, it is assumed that the museums established to attract contributors and students alike, play the greatest role in its success. Therefore, in this paper, the link between commercialization and museums will be examined more closely. Franklin Institute is located at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It established its first museum in 1934 making it one of the first han ds-on science museums in the country (fi.edu). This made the institute very popular, attracting visitors from every corner and consequently, attracting talented students. As the years passed and technology has advanced, changes have been made in the institute to meet the demands and needs of a fast-changing community. The resiliency of the school made it more possible for it to maintain the success and popularity it has gained for decades through hard work and dedication. As other institutes tried to look into what Franklin Institute was doing, they embraced the concept of putting up museums as attractions to their own schools. However, not all schools have been successful as Franklin. Knowing that people’s needs and wants change over time, Franklin Institute engaged in improving the first attractions of the school and that is probably what keeps the institute surviving even in this time of great competitions. In line with the effects museums have for people, Jehra Patrick wr ote in her blog the results of her research on what attracts people to museums that might have affected the success of Franklin Institute. She names exploration among the top reason why people go to museums. The blogger observes that even people who are not inclined to art, science and technology are very curious so that they feel they have a need to explore what are inside museums. Some seek experience while others know that they have a knowledge that other people must share with them so that they act as facilitators when they go to museums. Professionals and hobbyists also find a wealth of information and ideas inside the museums while still others find the place as a hide-away where they can run from all the troubles in the world (Patrick). With the reasons listed above, it is seen that they include various people from a wide diversity, making the prospects of museum-goers really huge in number It is known that the higher percentage of learning is acquired through the eyes. For t his reason, museums are not just built for adults but for children as well. Museums are safe places to bring children to visit. Unlike parks and other recreational places, the museum caters to smaller number of people which makes it safer for children to be in. Moreover, the sights encourage questions from the children which will start a learning experience not only for the children but the

Strategies for Success in the Online Learning Environment Essay

Strategies for Success in the Online Learning Environment - Essay Example â€Å"In online learning environment, most communications will be done in written format† (Harvard, 2010). Therefore, every student studying in online environment should be able to communicate with teachers through writing. Another way for students to achieve success in online learning environments is to get perfection in web navigation. As most of the communication between teachers and students is done through internet, so students should be proficient in using different internet applications. Perfection in web navigation is essential in order to participate in online discussions and online quizzes and assignments. Time management is also necessary for online learning students. Students studying in online environments need to schedule their time properly in order to avoid mismanagement. Time management plays an important role in the success of students because they have to submit quizzes and assignments within deadline considering all technological issues, such as, network failure or site overload. Before going into the discussion regarding online learning, let us get a better understanding of what online learning environment actually is. Online learning refers to the environment where students and teachers communicate with each other using communication technologies, such as, video tapes, television, and internet. â€Å"Distance learning is a course or program completed remotely from the school or university which offers the educational opportunity† (Rogers, n.d.). Online learning is getting more and more fame these days because it is proving to be very beneficial for students. It not only helps students manage their studies in accordance with other commitments of life but also provides a good way to the students to learn independently. To be successful in an online learning environment, a student needs to have some key skills and abilities. There exist a number of strategies for students to prosper in online learning environments. Some of the main

Communication Opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Opinion - Essay Example In healthcare communication, one-to-one communication is crucial because it can have many advantages as well because the message is not misconstrued. However, it can be dangerous as well because body language and facial expressions can be analyzed instantly. Communication in a can team can harness goals because the diversity of opinions that are present. In team work, appraisal and feedback system was another huge theory that was present in both methodologies. It is crucial to understand that giving feedback to employees that feel that they need to benchmark and leverage their standards. Medical professionals must undertake to understand their patients in order to provide best quality care.The provider can encourage to communicate effectively by propagating for face-to-face interaction and encourage strong team skills. Provide must champion to know teams at a personal level. Stronger team skills are necessary for collaboration and building effective team communication. With stronger team skills, one is able to network and meet the array of people that can be very useful in building networks. Additionally, cohesive research suggests that team skills building are extremely important in making decisions and understanding the scope of the problem itself. Successful team building allows personnel to work through a task with trials and tribulations. Additionally, Team effectiveness is based on collaboration and constant team work. Evidence of effectiveness is portrayed by the seamless integration of collaboration.

Strategies for Success in the Online Learning Environment Essay

Strategies for Success in the Online Learning Environment - Essay Example â€Å"In online learning environment, most communications will be done in written format† (Harvard, 2010). Therefore, every student studying in online environment should be able to communicate with teachers through writing. Another way for students to achieve success in online learning environments is to get perfection in web navigation. As most of the communication between teachers and students is done through internet, so students should be proficient in using different internet applications. Perfection in web navigation is essential in order to participate in online discussions and online quizzes and assignments. Time management is also necessary for online learning students. Students studying in online environments need to schedule their time properly in order to avoid mismanagement. Time management plays an important role in the success of students because they have to submit quizzes and assignments within deadline considering all technological issues, such as, network failure or site overload. Before going into the discussion regarding online learning, let us get a better understanding of what online learning environment actually is. Online learning refers to the environment where students and teachers communicate with each other using communication technologies, such as, video tapes, television, and internet. â€Å"Distance learning is a course or program completed remotely from the school or university which offers the educational opportunity† (Rogers, n.d.). Online learning is getting more and more fame these days because it is proving to be very beneficial for students. It not only helps students manage their studies in accordance with other commitments of life but also provides a good way to the students to learn independently. To be successful in an online learning environment, a student needs to have some key skills and abilities. There exist a number of strategies for students to prosper in online learning environments. Some of the main

Analysis of the sculpture of Leander by William Henry Rinehart Essay

Analysis of the sculpture of Leander by William Henry Rinehart - Essay Example His facial expression is peaceful but, at the same time, thoughtful and distracted. His head is not raised and, consequently, he does not look directly at the observer but gazes into the horizon. The purity, grace and proportion of the figure are greatly enhanced by the quality and color of the medium chosen to execute it: pure white marble. For the spectator, the main reaction after observation of the sculpture is probably one of awe and admiration for the technical skills and artistic proficiency of the author, who manages to capture with great expertise the perfection of the male human body. The work of art of choice is exquisite, a piece of extraordinary beauty. Looking at this sculpture immediately brings to mind the famous sculpture of David by Michelangelo, one of the best known works of art of the Renaissance, which Rinehart knew from his stay in Florence between 1855 and 1857. Rinehart, like Michelangelo with David, in his representation of Leander has provided the observer with a great illustration of the perfect male human form. One of the greatest differences between David and Leander makes itself evident when one looks at the two heroes in the face: while David shows fear, tension and aggression in his facial expression, Leander looks relaxed, pensive and meditative. The tension in David's face is believed to be due to the fact that he was about to confront Goliath in battle. Additionally, Leander's proportions are more realistic than David's, who exhibited an upper body and head that appeared slightly out of proportion. This is due to the fact that the sculpture, due to its monumental proportions, was designed to be admired from u nderneath. Leander is also less muscular and thus more realistic than David. Both heroes show a very similar posture. The body is lightly rested over one leg, the other is slightly flexed, which helps give the impression of movement or action. Rinehart repositioned Leander's left leg with respect David's, achieving a more open stance. With respect to their hands, David is holding a stone that he is about to throw, while Leander keeps a delicate hold of the cloth that covers his nudity. Leander, shown at the edge of the shore, is actually in the act of undressing himself ready to get in the water that can be seen at his feet. 3. Interpretation The sculpture of Leander is one of a pair that was produced to illustrate a tragic love story of the Greek mythology. Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite, and Leander were lovers residing in opposite sides of the Hellespont. Each evening Leander would swim across the strait in order to meet with his beloved Hero. Tragedy struck one stormy night, when the lighthouse he used as a guide failed and, as a consequence, he got lost and drowned. Overcome with grief, Hero decided to meet the same fate as her lover and threw herself into the sea [Greek Mythology Link]. Rinehart's work shows, on one shore, Leander undressing in preparation for his evening swim and, on the other shore, Hero in anxious wait for her lover with the guiding lamp right beside her. The waves that can be observed at the bases of both sculptures represent the waters of the strait [The Magazine Antiques]. It is worth noting that,

Living Green Essay Example for Free

Living Green Essay We Can Improve Our Current Ecological Crisis By Living Green   by: Marcus Wilson Our world continues to deteriorate as natural cataclysms, nuclear power plant issues and general apathy evokes havoc. This earth will soon be gone unless its citizens make an effort to do something about it. There is a climbing population, there is corruption, and there is big time pollution. The best thing for people today is to turn to green living. Many people do not actually understand what living green is all about. Anything that you do that produces a beneficial effect on the environment is green living. These are things that we must do so that the younger generation will have a healthy earth to live. The ultimate goal for green living is to have the Earth in ecological balance. Not only that, but green living cleanses the surroundings by flushing toxins out of the environment. When we decide to live green, our earth will be a better place for everyone and we can maintain it for a very long time. Nature itself is fighting to keep its balance as it is being attacked from all sides. There are numerous places in the world where water is decreasing. Nowadays we live in a concrete jungle, with the elimination of numerous forests and trees, that there are hardly any trees or plants around. There is a great deal of pollution, and the air is so awful, that when commuting from one place to another, it is tough to travel the distance without being grimy on arrival. Our children or grandchildren will live in a world where oil or trees dont exist anymore and the earth would fall apart. Each day, our world is slowly being obliterated but no one appears to be paying attention. Our society is being assailed by the many disturbances in the world. Our planet is struggling to deal with the ecological crisis, global recession and fiscal crisis. Each day money is being spent on frivolous things while crucial issues are being neglected. Very little money is being used on improving the health of our planet or promoting green living. What steps do we need to take so that we are in the habit of being green. Can work together and conserve water, use less power and plant new trees. Are we making an attempt to clean up the environment for later generations? Is everyone on the planet doing their best to reduce pollution? Is the number of men and women who love green enough to protect our succeeding generations? There is not a lot of time that remains so we need to work right away to live green.

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case Study

Central Giant Cell Granuloma (CGCG) Case Study ABSTRACT: Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an intraosseous lesion which occurs as an uncommon benign condition in jaws. WHO defines this intraosseous lesions as â€Å"a lesion that contains multiple foci of haemorrhage, consisting of cellular fibrous tissue and there is trabeculae of woven bone. It may become aggressive leading to expansion and perforation of the cortex. Mobility and displacement of the involved teeth and root resorption are often observed. Here is a case report of an 18 year old female patient who is diagnosed with an aggressive type of CGCG. KEYWORDS: Central giant cell granuloma, granuloma, giant cell granuloma, giant cell lesions. Introduction Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giants cells that almost exclusively occurs within the jaw. It commonly occurs in young adults showing a female predilection.1 CGCG rarely occurs in areas elsewhere other than the jaws, like maxillary sinus, temporal bone, cranial vault and other bones of the craniofacial complex.2 It was thought that CGCG is a reparative lesion as it develops in response to intrabony hemorrhage and inflammation secondary to trauma. However, it can be considered as an aggressive lesion because of its aggressive behaviour as seen in the present case. Case report A 18 year old female patient, presented with a painful swelling over the lower border of mandible of 3 months duration. The patient had a history of trauma 6 months back with fractured 31. On extra oral examination, gross asymmetry of face was seen with a diffuse swelling of approximately 34 cm size on chin. Lymph nodes were not palpable. Local examination revealed a diffuse swelling extending mentolabial sulcus, inferiorly below the lower border of mandible and antero-posteriorly extending from the midline to the level of corner of mouth both side extending 1.5cm size. Colour over the surface appeared normal; no ulceration or discharge from the swelling was seen. Surface of the swelling was smooth, consistency was hard. The swelling was non – fluctuant; No rise in temperature, no pulsations were felt. The swelling was tender on palpation. On intraoral examination, tenderness on palpation was evident in relation to left mandibular canine and first premolar. No lingual expansio n. Based on the history given by the patient and the clinical examination, a provisional diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst in relation to anterior lower border of mandible was given. However, radiographic examination was suggested to confirm the provisional diagnosis. Orthopantomographs demonstrated normal anatomic hard tissue structures with a diffuse radiolucency seen in the mandibular anterior region crossing the midline , measuring approximately 3 cm x 3.5 cm, extending medio-laterally from 34 to 44 and supero-inferiorly from the apex of mandibular anterior extending to 1.5 cm below the level of inferior border of mandible suggestive of expansion of inferior border of mandible with sclerotic border on superior aspect and no sclerotic border inferiorly. Based on the clinical and the radiographic examination, differential diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, osteosarcoma and central giant cell granuloma were considered. Histopathological evaluation of the excisional biopsy specimen showed the presence of connective stroma containing numerous young fibroblasts as well as multinucleated giant cells. Trabeculae of osteoid and woven bone were also seen in the periphery. Numerous extravasated RBCs were present within the connective tissue stoma. These findings are suggestive of CGCG, but in order to differentiate this from brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, we carried out blood investigation, to find the serum calcium, serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels, which are found within normal limits. Based on the above histological and investigational findings, a diagnosis of CGCG was given. Discussion Central giant cell granuloma is a benign intraosseous lesion of the jaws. Jaffe in the year 1953, described this intraosseous lesion as â€Å"central giant cell reparative granuloma†.1 Since there is not reparative process, the name â€Å"reparative giant cell granuloma† was denominated. The etiology and pathogenesis of CGCG is unknown, but the granulomatous process is induced by an exacerbated reparative process due to trauma and haemorrhage.3 Giant cell granuloma is considered as a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and multinucleated giant cells that occurs almost exclusively within the jaws. It is seen in all age groups ranging from 2 to 80 years, but more than 60% of the cases occurs under the age of 30 years.5 Although Sex distribution varies in different reviews, CGCG show female predilection with a prevalence of almost twice that of males.4 It commonly occurs in mandible ,anterior to the first molar ,often crossing the midline. It occurs in the short tubular b ones of hands and feet and also in the other bones of facial skeleton and cranial vault but rarely occurs in craniofacial bones. 6 It may be peripheral or central. The peripheral lesions occur as pedunculated or sessile lesions where the central lesion is endosteal. Females, children and young adults have more predilection since the female male ratio is 2:1.7, 8 The main etiological factor for this lesion is trauma. The lesion progresses by accumulation of tissue which due to slow and continuous haemorrhage of multicentric nature as a result of trauma and defect in the capillaries. 9 Though the CGCG is a benign lesion, it occurs as aggressive and non-aggressive types. The aggressive type shows painful and rapid growth occurs in younger patients and often involves cortical perforation and root resorption and may recur. The non-aggressive type is of slow growing, asymptomatic, without any resorption or perforation of the involved teeth and it never recurs.10 The signs of CGCG are a painless swelling, which causes facial asymmetry, where the radiological investigations reveals that there is unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, which is well or ill-defined with variable expansion along with destruction of cortical plate. Since the radiological appearance of this lesion is not pathognomonic, it is usually confused with the other lesions of the jaws. But the final diagnosis is based on its histopathology, though the clinical and radiological features are not specific.11 Histopathological features reveal that it is comprised of dense proliferation of oval or spindle shaped cells with varying number of multinucleated giant cells containing 20 nuclei. There is a deposition of hemosiderin, extravasted RBC’s, foci of osteoid material dystrophic calcification around the periphery of the lesion.12 Though multinucleated giant cells are in more in number, they cannot be considered as proliferative cells, since the macrophages, mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts are accountable for the growth of the lesion. Hence these cells release cytokines that stimulate the proliferation and recruitment of blood monocytes to become osteoclast like cells.13 The multinucleated giant cells may be large or small in number and they may be irregular or round cells that contains more than twenty nuclei which are responsible for bone resorption and local progression of lesion.14 The giant cells containing more nuclei and dese cellular stroma are found to be more aggressive and may relapse after surgical treatment.13 Some studies reveal a significant difference in the number of giant cells in aggressive and non-aggressive lesions where other studies reveal only few differences in the cell size in histomorphic analysis. Some of them found that the aggressive lesions show the higher number of giant cells with more irregular shape, where the giant cells are larger. There is a an increase in the mitotic activity along with a difference in histomorphic analysis which indicates increase in the fusion of resident macrophages and recruitment of monocytes and also there is higher metabolic activity of multinucleated giant cells that shows an aggressive clinical behavior.15 According to the differential diagnosis of the central giant cell granuloma , based on radiological investigation, being a small unilocular lesions it may be confused with granulomas and periapical cyst and the large multilocular lesions it may be ameloblastoma or lesions the resemble PGCL ,aneurysmal bone cyst, central odontogenic fibr oma, brown tumor of hyperthyroidism, giant cell tumor. The CGCG and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism resembles each other histologically, in having an intense endogenous brownish pigmentation of hemosiderin. The additional test that help in diagnosis are serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels which are normal in CGCG, but increased in brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism. The CGCG usually occurs in both maxilla and mandible but the giant cell tumour more commonly occurs in the epiphyses of long bones. But both the lesions appear as osteolytic defects radiographically but can be differentiated histologically. Evidence reveals that the giant cells are larger, numerous and more round in giant cell tumor in CGCG, with a higher number of nuclei and eventually dispersed. There is fewer foci of osteoid material, areas of haemorrhage and there is deposition of hemosiderin and fibrosis and the stroma contains large and oval cells. The aneurysmal bone cyst can be differentiated from CGCG in having a network of multiple cystic cavities fill with blood within thin walls. Depending on the clinical and radiographic findings, if there is a well-defined lesion, curettage can be done where there is low recurrence, but if it is extensive lesion with perforated cortex, the radical excision is mandatory. Sometimes even partial maxillectomy or mandibulectomy and jaw reconstruction plates or placement of bone grafts can be done. Conclusion Based on the clinical, radiological, histopathological features, it is considered as an aggressive variant of CGCG, which is rare in occurrence. More clarification is needed regarding the pathogenesis and nature of giant cell lesions.

Rebelious Spirit Essay -- Character Analysis

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the development of feminist movements which demanded equal rights with men, and have been a subject of controversy in many families. Through Nora Helmer, the main character of "A Doll House," Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen focuses on the role and social status of women who were mistreated by men and law in the end of the 19h century. At that time, a wife was expected to be totally dependent on her husband and support the image of the ideal family by taking care of him, children, and the house, but having no personal freedom. Nora leaves her family after realizing that she has been treated by her husband as a doll rather than personality, thus going up against the norms created by men-dominated society to save her self-esteem. Social inequality becomes a widespread problem because Nora’s tragedy creates an opportunity to infiltrate the hidden essence of social and moral relationships where a woman is afraid to admit her noble deed — to save the dying husband, which is qualified as a crime by the state laws and â€Å"moral standards†. Nora’s family ruin reveals the underlying tragedy and brutality of reality, hidden beneath external well-being, as well as portraying the ability of an individual of a weaker status to resist the obstacles. At first glance, Nora Helmer, is only a doll, a cheerful "squirrel," as Torvald calls her, and the mistress of the comforting house which resembles a doll house. Kids idolize her and her man is satisfied with the fairy tale created in the house. Nora’s husband, Torvald, appreciates such comfort and openly admires Nora: â€Å"is that my little lark, twittering out there?...When did my squirrel get home?† (Ibsen Act I). Behind this external happiness and car... ...erefore, the final piece of the play remains open because Nora has not yet won, but the victory is close. There might a "miracle" happen and Torvald will be able to change internally, bring Nora back, and build together a real house. In his drama, Henrik Ibsen has revealed profound inconsistency between decent visibility and internal wickedness of a displayed reality, protested against the entire system of public opinion demanding maximum emancipation of women. Works Cited Goldman, Emma. â€Å"Victims of Morality.† Lecture. Mother Earth. Vol. 8. Mar. 1913. 19-24. Ibsen, Henrik."A Doll House" Approaching Literature: Reading + Thinking + Writing. Ed. Peter Schakel and Jack Ridl. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. 1245-1297. Print. Johnston, Ian. "On Ibsen's A Doll's House." Lecture. Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo. July 2000. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.

FM Receivers Essay -- essays research papers

Abstract This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM. Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed later, in combination with relatively low cost of implementation, resulted in its rapid growth. In the years following World War Two, there were 600 licensed stations broadcasting in the U.S. By 1980, the number grew to 4000. On another historical note, in 1961 stations began broadcasting in stereo. The basic receiver design consists of the following components. An antenna is used to convert electro-magnetic waves into electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio, baseband and intermediate frequencies. The core of the FM receiver, the discriminator, comes in various circuit forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically, its role is to extract the intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component, essential in most electronic circuits, is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally, a transducer (speaker in the case of Radio) is needed to convert the message signal into its final form (audio, mechanical, etc ¡Ã‚ ­). Other components more specific to FM receivers are mixers combined with local oscillators used for frequency manipulation, limiters to control amplitude, de-emphasis and other filter circuits. 2 Mathematics of FM Unlike amplitude modulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t), is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1  ¦Ã‚ µFM(t) = Acos( ¦ÃƒË†... ...n its output proportional to s(t). Over a short time interval, this variation  ¡Ãƒâ€" C(wc-wo)t. Thus, the system continues to loop until the frequency of the VCO output matches or  ¡Ã‚ °locks ¡Ã‚ ± onto the incoming frequency. The time it takes for the system to  ¡Ã‚ °lock ¡Ã‚ ± is called the acquisition time. Once the frequencies match, s(t) becomes s(t) = AB/s sin( ¦ÃƒË†c- ¦ÃƒË†o) For an incoming FM signal s(t) = AB/2 sin( ¦ÃƒË†c(t)- ¦ÃƒË†o) = AB/2 sin (kf  ¡Ãƒâ€™m( ¦Ãƒâ€œ)d ¦Ãƒâ€œ  ¨C ¦ÃƒË†o) Running s(t) through a differentiator results in an AM signal which can be easily demodulated using envelope detection. Once the signal has been demodulated, it is then passed through a de-emphasis circuit, as mentioned earlier. Typically, it is then amplified one last time before heading to the output transducer. Conclusion In conclusion, the modulation/demodulation process for FM signals has proven to be much less straight forward than simple AM modulation. However, FM has considerable advantages and its use in radio, satellite and radar applications make it indispensable. Many methods of signal and system analysis along with filter and feedback design are employed in the building of an FM receiver, whether it be analog, digital or otherwise. FM Receivers Essay -- essays research papers Abstract This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM. Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed later, in combination with relatively low cost of implementation, resulted in its rapid growth. In the years following World War Two, there were 600 licensed stations broadcasting in the U.S. By 1980, the number grew to 4000. On another historical note, in 1961 stations began broadcasting in stereo. The basic receiver design consists of the following components. An antenna is used to convert electro-magnetic waves into electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio, baseband and intermediate frequencies. The core of the FM receiver, the discriminator, comes in various circuit forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically, its role is to extract the intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component, essential in most electronic circuits, is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally, a transducer (speaker in the case of Radio) is needed to convert the message signal into its final form (audio, mechanical, etc ¡Ã‚ ­). Other components more specific to FM receivers are mixers combined with local oscillators used for frequency manipulation, limiters to control amplitude, de-emphasis and other filter circuits. 2 Mathematics of FM Unlike amplitude modulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t), is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1  ¦Ã‚ µFM(t) = Acos( ¦ÃƒË†... ...n its output proportional to s(t). Over a short time interval, this variation  ¡Ãƒâ€" C(wc-wo)t. Thus, the system continues to loop until the frequency of the VCO output matches or  ¡Ã‚ °locks ¡Ã‚ ± onto the incoming frequency. The time it takes for the system to  ¡Ã‚ °lock ¡Ã‚ ± is called the acquisition time. Once the frequencies match, s(t) becomes s(t) = AB/s sin( ¦ÃƒË†c- ¦ÃƒË†o) For an incoming FM signal s(t) = AB/2 sin( ¦ÃƒË†c(t)- ¦ÃƒË†o) = AB/2 sin (kf  ¡Ãƒâ€™m( ¦Ãƒâ€œ)d ¦Ãƒâ€œ  ¨C ¦ÃƒË†o) Running s(t) through a differentiator results in an AM signal which can be easily demodulated using envelope detection. Once the signal has been demodulated, it is then passed through a de-emphasis circuit, as mentioned earlier. Typically, it is then amplified one last time before heading to the output transducer. Conclusion In conclusion, the modulation/demodulation process for FM signals has proven to be much less straight forward than simple AM modulation. However, FM has considerable advantages and its use in radio, satellite and radar applications make it indispensable. Many methods of signal and system analysis along with filter and feedback design are employed in the building of an FM receiver, whether it be analog, digital or otherwise.

Truman, Zhdanov, and the Origins of the Cold War

In the West our assumptions about the meaning of the term â€Å"democracy†have not really changed since Truman appealed to Congress for financial aid to assist the democratic government in Greece in 1945. We do not generally disagree that democracy involves â€Å"free institutions, representative government, free elections, guaranties of individual liberty† (Ransom Reader, 150), nor that people should be able to live their lives â€Å"free from coercion† ( ibid, 150). To see the Soviet counter-arguments is a revelation, and in many ways a surprise.Zhdanov’s argument in his â€Å"The Two Camp Policy† speech presents an entirely different view of the world, and of world history, and the assumptions in his account were certain to lead to the irresolvable conflicts which constituted the Cold War.Zhdanov argued that western policy from before the Second World War had always been corrupt and self-serving. The west supported Hitler for a long time because they saw him as â€Å"capable of inflicting a blow on the Soviet Union† (ibid, 158).America only joined the war â€Å"when the issue was already decided† (ibid, 159), thus saving herself casualties and significant loss. The United States, he implies, was driven only by self-interest, and no genuine desire to see freedom prevail in the world.The United States’ Policy after the war was dominated by the need of â€Å"the Wall Street bosses† (ibid, 159) to rebuild profits, and therefore to establish new markets. Foreign policy was therefore â€Å"expansionist and reactionary† (ibid, 159) in order to maintain â€Å"imperialist† influence to ensure markets for capitalist enterprises.Truman’s claim that the defence of the government in Greece was a moral matter, a humanitarian concern to protect â€Å"National integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes† (ibid, 150) was therefore bogus and dishonest.This meant a determination â€Å"to combat socialism and democracy and to support reactionary and antidemocratic profascist regimes and movements everywhere† (ibid, 160). The United States, Zhdanov claimed, was seeking to dominate the world for the sake of capitalist profit, and not for any genuine love of freedom.All true, but perhaps merge quotes a little bit, and in your own words interpret what point he is trying to get at. Why is this such a big deal for Zhdanov? What point is he trying to make about the US and their post-WWII plans? Thus Zhadanov’s notion of democracy begins to emerge.The western model he dismissed as â€Å"bourgeois pseudodemocracy† (ibid, 161). It is an error, he argued, that democracy is characterized by â€Å"a plurality of parties and †¦ an organized opposition† (ibid, 161).This belief involves a misunderstanding of history and of the nature of socialism. â€Å"Capitalists and landlords, antagonistic classes, a nd hence a plurality of parties, have long ceased to exist in the U. S. S. R. † (ibid, 161), and this is an inevitable development in a socialist state. The people are the state, he argued, and therefore the class conflicts which lead in western countries to differences of interests, simply will(did) not occur.The United States’ cynical claim to defend freedom was in fact a defence of â€Å"the bloody dictatorship of the fascist minority† (ibid, 161) over the people of Gerece and Turkey. America itself was marked by â€Å"national and racial oppression, the corruption and the unceremonious abrogation of democratic rights2 (ibid, 161), and the policy of the United States was to â€Å"create a bloc of states† which would be blackmailed into supporting the United States line through the use of economic power, and thus give up their own independence and freedom.What about the other aspect to Zhdanov’s definition of democracy? Particularly in how he dif ferentiates himself (and USSR) from what is wrong about the United States (what makes them un-democratci).According to Zhdanov, The west, and particularly capitalist America, was the enemy of all â€Å"anti-imperialist and democratic† (ibid, 160) nations. Truman’s arguments had at least the realism of moderation. â€Å"No government is perfect† (ibid, 149), he acknowledged, and certainly the newly democratic Greek government was not perfect.Zhdanov’s argument for the one-party system sounds either hopelessly idealistic, or utterly dishonest. The catastrophic purges of the 1930s and later make the claims about freedom very questionable, and suggest, according to Thomson, that â€Å"the nemesis of monolithic parties is self destruction, and the price of absolute power absolute corruption† (Thomson, 721).Stalin was determined to remove all opposition, and concentrated on destroying those who had held rank in the Communist party during the 20s and 30s, men like Zinoviev, Kamenev, Radek, Sokolnikov and Tukhashevsky.Thousand were arrested, in all walks of life, and many went to their deaths, or to long Siberian imprisonment. This hardly supports Zhdanov’s claim that opposition would simply not exist. < If you use this quote, you need to explain it a little further.What are the purges, and how do they negate Zhdanov’s notion of democracy? The Stalinist line, described here by Zhdanov, drove the world into forty years of dangerous confrontation, before the ultimate collapse of the system and its ideology.A corresponding paranoia in the west led to aggressive stand-offs in Europe, where large numbers of NATO troops were stationed in Germany; in the Middle East, where The Arab-Israeli conflict often took the form of war by proxy between east and west; and in South East Asia, where the Korean War and later the Vietnam War were caused partly by the United States’ neurosis about communism. The arming of the Mujahedin in Afghanistan in the 1980s was one of the last policy errors of the Cold War, and one of which we are now suffering some of the unforeseen results.How did the United States contribute to this conflict? Where are some areas in the world where we see this conflict occurring, between the United State’s notion of democaracy and the Soviet Union’s?Works CitedThomson, David. Europe Since Napoleon. Harmondsworth: Penguin, Revised Edition, 1966.Truman, Harry S. , â€Å"The Truman Doctrine† Twentieth Century Civilizations. Ohio: Thomson Custom Publishing, 2003. (3): 149-153.Zhdanov, Andrei A. , â€Å"Cultural Purge† Twentieth Century Civilizations. Ohio: Thomson Custom Publishing, 2003. (3): 159-163.

Presidential Symphony Orchestra of Turkey Essay

On Friday, December 24, 2004 at 20:00 the Presidential Symphony Orchestra performed very impressive â€Å"New Year Concert† with fourteen pieces from a range of composers as Johann Strauss, Giacomo Puccini, Leonard Bernstein, Johann Sebastian Bach, Pytor Ilyich Tchaikovsky, P. Necherporenko, Niccolo Paganini and George Gershwin. The program included different kinds of tastes from classic music. Shardad Rohani conducted, Murat Tamer as concertmaster, Khori Dastoor, Janna Kozvik and Andrei Gorbachev appeared as soloists. Although I was impressed by the whole concert, the second half made a more lasting effect on me. The concert opened with the Yarasa Opereti Uvertà ¼rà ¼ which is written by Johann Strauss. This composition began quietly. As the string instruments played in harmony, the brass instruments (tuba) entered with a slow melody. The temper became more impressive as it developed. The tempo became faster and the texture more intense with flute entrances. The different instruments were successful one another until they eventually all entered in harmony. The trumpets were important players in the overture, effectively supported with the continuous beating of the drums and timpani. Other work of the orchestra was West Side Story. This composition was written by Leonard Bernstein in 1957 as a type of musical and also a wonderful opera aria. The composition opened dramatically with the soprano soloist , K. Dastoor, entire ensemble playing together. The instruments moved from one chord to the next. The beautiful melody is supported by the representation of the tones of chords as seperate notes, adding warmth and emotion to the piece. After the intermission the atmosphere became more enjoyable by the soloists, especially Andrei Gorbachev. He added Russian motifs to the compositions. At the end of these compositions he also performanced encores which are very enjoyable. The last piece of the orchestra was the Mavi Tuna Valsi which is written by  Johann Strauss. It is also one of the best waltz compositions. Orchestra performanced this piece very impressive. It made a lasting impression on me because of the harmony of the instruments kept alive the spirit of romance. Attending this concert made me more aware of the variety of style and compositional techniques inherent in classical music. I particularly enjoyed the pieces of orchestra, as they are able to combine the different pieces in an effective manner. Also Andrei Gorbachev was very effective with his balalaika. He created interesting effects with his balalaika and orchestra. At the head of classical music, and the reason I enjoyed this concert so much, was the quality of melodies, orchestra and also pleasant and loveable behaviors of soloists. They were making audience delighted with their sympathetic behaviors. Much of the success of this music hides in the professional representation of the performance. In this respect, Shardad Rohani and the Presidential Symphony Orchestra were able to bring out the spirit of classical music for the spirit of year 2005.